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Wildfire Prevention
Wildfires in Hawaii, California, Colorado's Front Range and locally demonstrate the increasingly catastrophic nature of wildfire events. City staff have been working on a plan and evaluating specific responses to reconcile current city code with efforts to reduce and mitigate wildfire risks in the Aspen area.
This interdepartmental team represents a range of stakeholders with a focus on those that have oversight and involvement in development and in the management of Aspen’s urban forest and built environment. Staff will continue to work with Aspen Fire Protection District as the city navigates challenges of building urban wildfire resilience.
Unlike some large cities where many fire services are part of the municipal government, the city of Aspen is one of many local, state and federal partners who have a role in wildfire mitigation and response.
While Aspen has an international name, we are a remote, rural city of just under four square miles with around 8,000 residents, so we can’t address wildfire alone. This is especially true because of Aspen’s location within the 3,572-square-mile White River National Forest.
While there are many players, we work well together, we train together and actively participate in each other’s programs financially and through staff collaboration. Click the “Resources” tab below to read an overview of our partners and their programs.
Wildfire focus areas for the city of Aspen:
- Partnerships: Because wildfire mitigation and response cannot be managed by a single agency, the aforementioned partnerships are a priority for the city.
- Building codes: Under the direction of Aspen City Council, the city controls building codes, including those that specifically address wildfire mitigation. More information can be found below under Building Code Requirements for ignition resistant Construction section.
- Fuel reduction, tree removal and management of the urban forest: The city has a full-time forester on staff. The city recently updated its municipal code to allow homeowners to remove trees for the purpose of wildfire fuel reduction. More information below under Fuel Reduction and Tree Removal.
- The city forester also oversees the city’s tree policies and the overall health of the urban forest. The city also financially and logistically supports Aspen Fire’s chipping program and partially funds their fire detection camera system. More information here: Natural resources and forestry
- Water utility preparedness: The water utility is a city department. While no important municipal water supply has the capacity to fight large wildfires, municipal systems, including the city of Aspen’s, are designed with pressure and storage capacities to address structure fires.
- Climate action: Climate change has increased the frequency and severity of wildfires. Aspen is one of the nation’s leaders in addressing climate challenges. More information can be found here: Climate Action
- Police/emergency management: Aspen Police Department is a department of the city. The police department collaborates with all of the other first responders in the Roaring Fork Valley. Aspen Police works with these partners on evacuation modeling and evacuation planning; participates in a shared 911 communications center; has shared radio systems; and conducts regular joint training. The police department also coordinates National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) training for staff across the city, so that employees have the same training as that of all other local, state and national emergency response organizations.
Aspen Fire Protection District (AFPD/Aspen Fire):
- AFPD is an independent fire district overseen by its own board of directors and is an independent taxing authority. The fire department is not part of the city, although Aspen Fire and the city of Aspen have a very good, cooperative and close relationship. You can read more about the organization here: Aspen Fire Department.
- Aspen Fire’s wildfire mitigation activities: Because fire is a primary focus of this organization, they have a significant mitigation program – and the city supports many of these efforts both financially and through staff support. More information on their programs can be found here: Wildfire Mitigation.
Please reach out to AFPD for information about their programs. Because the city does not have any oversight of the Aspen Fire Protection District, any questions you have about Aspen Fire’s programs are best directed to them. You can call them at (970) 925-5532 or submit an inquiry via their website Contact us.
Pitkin County and Pitkin County emergency management:
Aspen is located within Pitkin County. The county oversees all emergency management within Pitkin County, including the city. The emergency management function of Pitkin County resides with the sheriff’s office. Below are some resources to learn more.
- Pitkin Alerts: If you are not already signed up for Pitkin Alerts, this is highly recommended.You can customize your alerts here Pitkin Alert.
- Pitkin County emergency manager: You can find more information about Pitkin County’s emergency manager here: Pitkin County Emergency Management.
- Pitkin County’s community wildfire protection plan: Pitkin County Wildfire Protection Plan 2023.
- Pitkin County wildfire mitigation and response: Pitkin County provides information on how to protect your home to how to schedule a wildfire risk assessment and other information on this page: Pitkin County Wildfire.
- Pitkin County human services: Pitkin County oversees all human services provided within Aspen and Pitkin County. In the event of an emergency, this department provides a leadership role for Pitkin County, the city of Aspen and other partners in supporting our residents’ and visitors’ needs during and after an emergency. You can find more information here: Pitkin County Human Services.
- Pitkin County Open Space and Trails: This department is one of our partners for forest health and related mitigation efforts.
- Aspen Ambulance District: The ambulance district is a department of Pitkin County and is a critical partner in wildfire response.
Please reach out to Pitkin County for information about their programs. While we are close partners, the city does not have any oversight of Pitkin County. If you have questions about Pitkin County’s programs, please reach out to them at (970) 920-5300, or Pitkin County.
Roaring Fork Valley Wildfire Collaborative:
Importantly, the aforementioned agencies and the city of Aspen actively partner with other regional, state, and national wildfire mitigation and response agencies in the Roaring Fork Wildfire Collaborative.
This group is comprised of 24 organizations that include local, state and national governmental organizations, along with private sector organizations and nonprofits. In addition to acting as an organization that connects all 24 organizations, the Collaborative also facilitates many forest wildfire mitigation projects, which can be found here: Roaring Fork Valley Forest Projects.
Water Infrastructure
What measures are in place to ensure water availability for firefighting efforts? Are there any ongoing projects to improve or maintain water infrastructure to support emergency services during wildfire events?
- Municipal water systems are designed to meet the daily water needs of communities, such as drinking and sanitation, and are built with the appropriate pressure and storage capacities to address structure fires. No municipal water supplies have the capacity to fight wildfires that could surround a community.
- The primary function of a municipal water system is to provide a safe and reliable supply of clean drinking water to a community. A secondary function of these systems is to provide water for fire suppression in the event of a structure fire.
Water systems are not sized to fight wildland fires because:
- Stored water is required to meet state and federal potable water standards. Large storage vessels have the potential to create stagnant water supplies that would not provide clean drinking water to the community.
- Water supply in the arid West and specifically the upper Roaring Fork Valley is finite. Increasing our system above the current potable and fire demand would exhaust this natural resource and still would not be sufficient to fight wildfire.
- Aspen’s water system tanks store around 10 million gallons of water. Aspen land use, land costs, and topography provide limited opportunities to store additional amounts outside of traditional potable and fire suppression needs.
- Water infrastructure is located in proximity to homes and businesses and is often not adjacent to critical urban wildland interfaces.
- The scale (footprint, fuel loads, movement of the fire) of even small wildfires is much greater than what is encountered in a structure fire and water is not the primary tool for suppression.
- Municipal water-supplied fire protection measures are provided through a combination of fire hydrants and sprinkler systems in the distribution system. The minimum required fire flow and fire hydrant spacing for structure protection is dictated by the IFC and further referenced in the city’s municipal code for varying structural classes. The code references the IBC, IFC, and Aspen Fire Protection District standards. Title 11 of the city’s municipal code provides more information here: Adoption of the International Fire Code.
- Fire hydrants are part of the overall potable water distribution system and are ultimately fed from the same two raw water sources for the city of Aspen potable water system: Castle Creek and Maroon Creek. Leonard Thomas Reservoir, the raw water storage pond located at the water campus, has approximately one to three days of storage depending on time of year and system demands.
Current emergency preparedness activities within the water utility:
- Water distribution staff routinely operate and maintain each of the over 600 fire hydrants no less than once every three years, in accordance with industry best practices. The Aspen Fire Protection District also flushes hydrants to confirm fire flows in accordance with International Standards Organization standards.
- The water utility has been and continues to design and implement projects that include backup power (e.g., generators) at pump stations to harden resiliency. Two pump stations and the city’s entire water treatment campus have backup power allowing infrastructure to operate during an extended power outage.
- The Water Efficient Landscaping Standards (WELS) set a “maximum allowable outdoor water budget” for residential and commercial properties. This is to ensure the landscape receives the amount of water necessary for the plants to be healthy but not overwatered. Healthy plants that receive the proper watering and routine maintenance tend to be more ignition resistant. WELS states “All landscape plantings for properties located in the Moderate or High Wildfire Hazard zone of the city must be fire wise.” WELS provides two appendices relating to ignition resistant plants with best practices from CSU Extensions, as well as the city of Aspen Wildfire Hazard Assessment maps.
- Integrated resource planning: In November 2021, the city water utility finalized an Integration Water Resource Plan that looked at a wholistic view of the water utility, including water supply, water demand, and planning for the future. This 50-year plan provides a blue print for future system enhancements and resiliency.
- The water utility invests in the replacement of infrastructure on a yearly basis. The department has recently focused on replacing old cast iron pipe and leak prone areas. Whenever possible, the department will partner with other city departments to maximize replacement costs and impact on the community. The city is designing the replacement of the functional backbone infrastructure within the water treatment plant (filters, controls, chemicals, electric).
- For the past several years, the water utility has hired an acoustic leak survey company to look for leaks within the distribution system. Ensuring the city’s water infrastructure is resilient and conservation-minded is crucial. With water being such a finite and precious resource, it's essential to adopt proactive measures to manage and protect it.
- The city of Aspen is committed to responsible stewardship of the water utility. The department reviews rates on an annual basis to prioritize operations and replacement and maintenance of aging infrastructure and facilities.
- The water utility is set up in a four-tier structure. Tiered rate structures encourage conservation with fourth tier revenue designed to fund water conservation and efficiency programs. The water rate structures continue to place a value on support and provide incentive for conservation and efficiency practices, programs, and policies.
Wildfire mitigation efforts
What actions is the city taking to reduce the risk of wildfires, such as controlled burns, fuel reduction, vegetation management, and creating defensible spaces around properties? How are these measures being implemented in vulnerable areas of Aspen?
- Ordinance 11, which established the city’s new wildfire code and policy for standalone tree permits, was adopted by Aspen City Council in August 2024 and became valid Sept. 13. This important change in policy provides homeowners with a clear and relatively simple process to assess their home’s risk and take action to reduce risks associated with trees on the property. Since the ordinance went into effect, the city has received and processed three wildfire permits, which included home assessments from the Aspen Fire Protection District. A total of 42 trees were permitted for removal. The city’s expects this to increase heading into summer 2025.
- The Hunter Creek prescribed burn was the last prescribed burn to occur near Aspen. That took place in May 2022. It burned approximately 825 acres. The next prescribed burn is the Sunnyside burn, which the U.S. Forest Service plans to implement in the spring of 2025. It's important to note that this burn will happen if conditions are appropriate for burning.
- The city has performed several fuel reduction projects, including thinning around the Marolt seasonal housing complex and the Marolt open space. The city has also partnered with other agencies like Pitkin County on thinning and habitat projects in the Hunter Creek and Smuggler Open Space area.
- The city provides partnership funding for early detection AI wildfire cameras throughout the upper valley. These cameras have proven to be very effective in early detection, which allows resources to deployed much more quickly.
- The city is leading a multi-stakeholder effort to develop a forest health management plan for Shadow Mountain in 2025, with possible forest management actions occurring in 2026.
Emergency services
How are local emergency services prepared to respond to potential wildfire outbreaks? Are there any community programs or plans in place to support residents during such events?
- The city prepares to respond to wildfire through all of the aforementioned partnerships, programs and training.
- The community programs and plans to support residents and visitors during and after such events are led by Pitkin County Emergency Management and Pitkin County Health and Human Services. Should an emergency occur, the city will be an active participant in these programs, however it does not have a primary leadership role.
- Fuel Reduction and Tree Removal
- Building Code Requirements for Ignition Resistant Construction
- Tips for Fire Resistant Landscapes
The City of Aspen has made changes to Municipal Code 13.20* to allow homeowners to reduce wildfire fuels, such as trees and shrubs, around properties. These changes balance the long-term benefits of a healthy urban forest with the recognized need to make our homes resilient to wildfire threats.
Trees are an important part of our community, and while we aim to keep our community safe from wildfire, we also want to maintain healthy air quality, keep our town cool in the summer months, and retain all the great benefits that an urban forest provides.
A property owner intending to remove trees for fire mitigation purposes shall follow these steps before proceeding with removal.
- Contact the Aspen Fire Protection District for a free home assessment- Schedule An Assessment - Aspen Fire Protection District
- After the home assessment is complete, apply for a tree removal permit from the Parks and Open Space Department and include the home assessment as a part of the submission.
- Meet with the City Forester onsite to discuss the trees proposed for removal and verify the strategies proposed per management zone. The City Forester will make the final determination on what will be allowed for removal or relocation based on the ‘Wildfire Mitigation Matrix’ (shown below).
- Following the receipt of a tree removal permit, the tree(s) may be removed by the homeowner or a licensed tree care provider.
- If replanting of wildfire resistant trees is stipulated as part of the permit, schedule an inspection with the Forester once that work is complete.
If you have any questions, or would like to discuss tree removal and fuel reduction around your home, please contact the Parks and Open Space Department Forester at 970-920-5120. Please visit Aspen Fire Protection District’s website to get started with your free home assessment to review your property’s risk for wildfire: Aspen Fire Home Assessment
At this point, there are no changes to permits for the removal of trees for development purposes; the code change is for standalone tree permits only.
As of 4/1/2023, all permits in the city of Aspen are required to meet ignition-resistant construction requirements. This applies to new construction and elements of existing buildings that are being altered or replaced.
- Roofs must be a Class A assembly.
- Roof eaves must be minimum 3/4" thick material.
- Gutters and downspouts must be noncombustible and have means to prevent accumulation of debris.
- Exterior Walls must be either noncombustible, fire-retardant treated wood, ignition-resistant materials, log/heavy timber, or have a 1-hour fire rating on the exterior side.
- Projections such as decks are required to be either noncombustible, fire-retardant treated wood, ignition-resistant materials, heavy timber, or have a 1-hour fire rating.
- Exterior glazing must be tempered glass, multilayered glazed panels (double pane), glass block, or have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes.
- Exterior Doors must be either noncombustible construction, solid core wood, or have a fire protection rating of not less than 20 minutes.
- Attic Vents are limited in size, cannot be located in soffits or eave overhangs, and must be covered with non-combustible corrosion-resistant mesh with maximum 1/4" openings to prevent flame and ember penetration.
For a full list of requirements refer to the Building & Energy Codes page and section 8.20.020 of the Aspen Municipal Code.
Exceptions are allowed for historically designated buildings when compliance would be damaging to historic features. Alterations to historically designated buildings and buildings in the historic districts must be in compliance with section 26.415 of the Aspen Municipal Code and adhere to the Commercial, Lodging, and Historic District Design Standards and Guidelines and/or Historic Preservation Design Guidelines.
For more information on building code requirements, please contact Builder of the Day.
Creating a fire-resistant landscape on your property is important for protecting your home and the community from fire events. Small steps can be performed to harden your landscape against fire.
Your landscape can be Firewise AND waterwise. You do not need to water your landscape excessively to have a fire-resistant and healthy look.
- Please see our Water Efficient Landscaping Standards for more information on how the City is promoting healthy, diverse and lower water using landscapes.
A fire-resistant landscape has:
- Defensible Space
- This is the space between your house and landscaping. It is recommended to keep all living and flammable material at least five feet away from your home and built structure attached to your home (i.e. a deck or a carport).
- Firebreaks within your landscape can also be helpful. A firebreak is a strip of bare land or hardscaping that would slow a fire from spreading to other vegetation.
Continual Maintenance
- Plant maintenance is an important preventive step in protecting your home from fire events.
- Pruning trees and shrubs, mowing grass, and keeping dead and dried out plant material out of your landscape will decrease the available fuel for a fire around structures.
- Fall clean up! Cut back the dead plant material to avoid buildup of fuels.
- Key takeaway: *Do not keep dead or dying material around your home and structures.*
- Healthy Plants
- A healthy plant is most resistant to fire.
- A plant that is watered based on its water need, and not overwatered, will be healthy.
- Certain plants need pruning at specific times for optimal health.
- Healthy soil with the proper amendments and nutrients will lead to healthy plants.
The overall best practice to have a fire-resistant landscape is maintenance, maintenance, maintenance!
- To learn more about Defensible space, maintenance, and fuel types, please see CSFS and CSU’s Home Ignition Zone (PDF)
Firewise landscapes and Utilities
Planting near utilities such as fire hydrants and/or electrical transformers could increase your risk of fire events and decrease the ability for fire protection. Please refer to the latest City of Aspen or applicable utility design standard for their separation of plantings from utility infrastructure.
The City of Aspen Utilities has based their clear zones according to the National Electric Code and American Water Works Association.
Exterior landscape sprinklers are ineffective at fighting wildfires and can affect the pressure needed for firefighters to appropriately respond to a fire event. Please be water conscious in the event of a wildfire.*
Plant Suggestions and Resources
- CSU Fire-resistant landscaping
- Benefits of fire-resistant landscaping
- CSU Firewise plant materials
- CSU Low flammability Landscape Plants
- WELS Appendix C (PDF)
- OSU Fire Resistant Plants (PDF). While this document is not Colorado specific, a lot of the same tips are relevant and many of the plants they mention grow here as well. Please check local growing guides in conjunction with this document.
For more information on fire resistant landscapes, please contact the water department at wateradmin@aspen.gov or 970-920-5110.